Kelp forests (dense stands of large brown seaweed primarily of the Order Laminariales), dominate rocky reefs along temperate and subpolar coastlines around the world. These forests are considered among the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth that modify local environmental conditions and provide a three dimensional habitat for an array of marine life. These forests are similar in structure to terrestrial forests, with a canopy layer that facilitates the formation of rich understorey algal assemblages, that in turn provides food and shelter for macroinvertebrates, which are food for species from higher trophic levels such as fishes.
Fish Aggregating Devices in Responsible Tuna Fisheries Symposium Report
The European Union has held a dominant position among Indian Ocean tuna fleets since the 1980s, despite the ocean’s distance from Europe. At times, vessels flying Spanish or French flags accounted for nearly 40 per cent of the catch of the region’s three key tropical tuna species: skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye.
07 May 2026
